BILL WILSON U.S. SENATE TESTIMONY,
1969
THE IMPACT OF ALCOHOLISM HEARINGS BEFORE THE SPECIAL SUBCOMMITTEE ON
ALCOHOLISM AND NARCOTICS OF THE COMMITTEE ON LABOR AND PUBLIC WELFARE,
UNITED STATES SENATE, NINETY-FIRST CONGRESS, FIRST SESSION, ON
EXAMINATION OF THE IMPACT OF ALCOHOLISM, THURSDAY, JULY 24, 1969,
The subcommittee met at 9:30 a.m., pursuant to call in room
4232, New Senate Office Building, Senator Harold E. Hughes (chairman of
the Subcommittee) presiding. Present: Senators Hughes, Yarborough,
Williams, Javits, Dominick, and Bellmon. * * * * * * * *
Senator Hughes. For the next witness there will be no
television. There will be no pictures taken. The next witness is Bill
W., Cofounder of Alcoholics Anonymous. Audio is fine. You may photograph
the Senators or you may photograph Bill W. from the back of the head if
you want to. Bill, you may proceed with your statement as you
desire.
STATEMENT OF BILL W., CO-FOUNDER, ALCOHOLICS ANONYMOUS
Mr. Bill W: Mr. Chairman, Senators, we of AA, it
is already apparent, are going to have reason for great gratitude on
account of your invitation to put in an appearance here. For me this is
an extremely moving and significant occasion. It may well mark the
advent of the new era in this old business of alcoholism.
I think that the activities of this committee and what they may lead
to may be a turning point historically. This is splashdown day for
Apollo. The impossible is happening. Like my dear friend Marty [Marty
Mann], who has just spoken to you, I share with her the opinion that in
this field of alcoholism we are now seeing the beginning of the
achievement of the impossible. Because or my appearance here as an AA
member, I have to limit myself pretty much to statements about AA. But
you must remember that as time passes in these hearings a great many
AA's will be testifying as citizens, and they will be far more free to
express opinions on the general field and their activities in it than I
am.
So I take it that my mission here today will be to acquaint you with
the resources that AA may reveal for treatment, for education and so on.
I shall start off by taking the dry part of my recital first: a few
figures. Our national magazine, "The AA Grapevine," makes a
brief and simple statement as to what AA is: Alcoholics Anonymous is a
fellowship of men and women who share their experience, strength and
hope with each other that they may solve their common problem and help
others to recover from alcoholism. The only requirement for membership
is a desire to stop drinking. There are no dues or fees for membership.
We are self-supporting through our own contributions. AA is not allied
with any sect denomination, politics, organization or institution, does
not wish to engage in controversy, neither endorses nor opposes any
causes. Our primary purpose is to stay sober and help other alcoholics
to achieve sobriety.
Now, as a little more background for my presentation, let me present
just a few figures. Our last census, that is to say, reports of our
group sessions, shows that we have 15,000 AA groups throughout the world
and an active membership of 285,000. Besides the 285,000 there are
hundreds of thousands -- maybe 200,000, for all we know, 300,000
recovered AA's on the sidelines who do not get caught up in the active
statistics, people who have remained for the greater part sober, who are
carrying AA attitudes and practices and philosophies into the community
life. So AA is much more in reality than a generator of mere sobriety,
it is returning us to citizenship in the world. Now, then, that breaks
down these figures into something like this: groups in the United
States, 9,000, active members, 148,000; groups in Canada, 1,500; members
in Canada, 21,000; groups overseas, 3,300, membership, 62,000;
internationalists, 344. We mean by that, people on ships, largely, who
travel from port to port spreading the AA message. We have 648 groups in
hospitals, members in hospitals (and this means largely mental
institutions), 18,500; and groups in prisons, 33,000. And lone members
throughout the world, who correspond with the world headquarters,
522.
Those statistics are of interest, but they are scarcely inspiring,
because they are not as yet connected with the flesh and blood of human
experience. I think the best way of presenting some of that experience
would be to relate to you certain fragments of AA history that have a
particular bearing upon this occasion. Oddly enough, and contrary to the
information of most people, Alcoholics Anonymous, we see in retrospect,
very definitely had its start in the offices of one of the founders of
modern psychiatry.
I refer to Karl Jung, who in the early 1930s received a patient from
America, a well-known businessman. He had run the gamut of the cures of
the time, and desperately wanted to stop and could get no help at all.
He came to Jung and stayed with him about a year. He came to love the
great man. During this period the hidden springs of his motivation were
revealed. He felt now with this new understanding, plus communication
with this new and wonderful friend that he had really shed this strange
illness of mind, body and spirit.
Leaving there, he was taken drunk, as we AA's say, in a matter of a
month, perhaps, and coming back, he said, "Karl, what does this all
mean?" Then this man made the statement which I think led to the
formation of AA. It took a great man to make it. He said, "Roland,
up until recently I thought you might be one of those rare cases who
could be aided and made to recover by the practice of my art. But like
most who will pass through here, I must confess that my art can do
nothing for you." "What," said the patient, "Doctor,
you are my port of last resort. Where shall I turn now? Is there no
other recourse?" The Doctor said "Yes, there may be. There is
the off-chance. I am speaking you of the possibility of a spiritual
awakening, if you like, a conversion." "Oh," said the
patient "but I am a religious man. I used to be a vestryman in the
Episcopal Church. I still have faith in God, but He has little in me, I
should think." Jung said, "I mean something that goes deeper
than that Roland, not just a question of faith.
I am talking about a transformation of spirit that can motivate you
and set you free from this. "Time after time alcoholics have
recovered by these means. The lightning strikes here and there, and no
one can say why or how. All I can suggest is that you expose yourself to
some religious environment of your own choice." The patient went to
England. He became associated with the group of that day in later years
called "Moral Rearmament," [the Oxford Groups] and to his
great surprise he began to feel released from this hideous compulsion.
He returned to America. He had a place in Vermont. There he ran into a
friend of mine about to be committed, a friend that we AA's lovingly
call Ebby.
Ebby, at the time a wealthy man, had just run his car through the
house of a farmer, into the kitchen, pushing in the wall, and when he
stopped, out stepped a horrified lady from inside and he said, "How
about a cup of coffee?" This was the extent of his illness and he
was about to be committed. The patient, Roland, got hold of him, took
him to New York, exposed him to the Oxford Groups, whose emphasis was
upon admission of hopelessness, in a sense, on one's unaided resources a
human being could not go too far. Another was self-survey. Another was a
species of confession, and then there was restitution and belief in a
Higher Power.
That movement was rather evangelical, but AA owes it a great debt in
what to do and also in what not to do. Then, thinking of me, and I was
about at the end of my rope, my friend visited me. In the previous
summer I had been in a drying-out emporium in New York City, and there
my doctor, who was to make a crucial contribution to AA, had said to my
wife, "Lois, I am afraid, my dear, that I can do nothing. I thought
that he might be one of those rare instances in which I could help him
stay sober, but I am afraid not. He is the victim of a compulsion to
drink against his will, and, as much as he desires, that compulsion I
don't think can be broken; and this compulsion is coupled with what I
call an allergy. "
It is a misnomer, but it is indicating that there is something wrong
with this man physically. Therefore, the eternal dilemma has been this
eternal compulsion to drink, to the point almost of lunacy, coupled with
the physical allergy that guarantees insanity and death. I think you
will have to lock him up." After that treatment I came home and a
few months later this friend appeared, sat across the kitchen table
where there was a big pitcher of gin and pineapple juice.
I was a solitary drinker of about two or three bottles of bathtub gin
a day. The year is 1934. Enters this friend of mine that I had known to
be a very hopeless case. At once it struck me that he was in a state of
release, this just was not another drunk on the wagon. Then he told me
this story, how he had felt this relief, the moment he had gotten honest
with himself and adhered to their simple program, he began to feel this
release, how much more he had gotten through his friend, Roland. He told
me the story about him. Finally I put the question to him. I said,
"Ebby, you say you don't want to drink, you are not drinking today.
What does this mean?" He said, "Well, I have got
religion." I said, "Well, what brand is it?"
So he revealed to me his story. I was deeply impressed, really,
because here was somebody that I knew had lived in this strange world of
alcoholism, where I, too, was a denizen. So this transmission of the
fatal nature of this malady in many cases struck me. I think it caused a
great personal deflation and laid the ground for what was subsequently
to happen. My friend went off. I didn't see him for a few days. In no
waking hour could I forget the face across the kitchen table. Yet I
gagged on this concept of a Higher Power, even in its lowest
denominator. So I finally decided I would go to the hospital, get
detoxified. I appeared at the hospital. Dr. Silkworth began treatment. I
announced that I had found something new, I thought, I wanted to get
sobered up. I could not have any emotional conversion.
So after about 3 days detoxification, I found myself falling into a
terrible depression. I felt trapped. In other words, I was asking the
impossible, to believe in a Higher Power, let alone cast my dependence
on it on the one side, and yet my guide in science [Dr. Silkworth] was
saying, "But medically you are pretty hopeless." Out of this
eventuated a very sudden spiritual awakening in which I was released
from this compulsion to drink, a compulsion on my mind morning, noon and
night for several years. I was suddenly released from it.
Mine was a rather spectacular experience. But it is quite identical
to what happens to any good AA. In other words, their experiences are
apt to take a longer time and they are not so sensational, but we do get
the transforming effect on motivation. With the experience came this
thought: Why can't this be induced chain style? In other words, I can
identify myself with another alcoholic through this kinship of
suffering, then why can't that inflate him and perhaps he will be
motivated and one can talk to the other.
I came out of the hospital, began to feverishly work with alcoholics.
We had a house full of them. I was so keyed up with the paranoid side
with my spiritual awakening, I even thought I had a kind of divine
appointment about all the alcoholics in the world. There was 6 months of
complete failure. Finally I went to Akron on a business trip to see if I
could regain my fortunes. I was away from my friends. The business deal
fell through. I had hardly carfare home and all of a sudden the old
desire to drink started to come back. I was frightened. Then I realized
that in talking and trying to help other alcoholics, even though the
cases had all been paid, this had a great deal to do with my staying
sober.
These were the elements of the process and through a strange set of
circumstances I was led to a physicist and from there to the doctor in
town who was to become my partner in this thing. He, too, when the
nature of his malady was revealed to him in medical terms, one drunk
talking to another, achieved sobriety that he had long since thought
impossible. Shortly after that, in one of the Akron hospitals, No. 3 got
sober, and an AA group, the first one really, came into existence in
June 1935 in Akron, Ohio. Then there was a return to New York and a
group started there. A few people in from Cleveland began to come to the
group meetings in Akron. We grew very, very slowly, trial and error all
along the line.
If it seemed to work, get with it, if it failed, discard it. That was
our practice until about 4 years later, after hundreds of failures, we
found that we had a hundred people sober. At that time, having retired
from the Oxford Group, and yet having no name actually, we just called
ourselves a nameless bunch of drunks trying to help each other get well.
At that time we began to think in terms of a book, which supported by
case histories would portray our approach. The book is called Alcoholics
Anonymous" and it was published when we had a hundred
members.
Up to this time we had been virtually a secret society. Then we
realized that we would have to be publicized. So we were very reluctant
about this, what kind of people would come in? We were publicized first
by Liberty magazine, and flooded by 6,700 inquiries into a post office
box in New York. We gave these inquiries to a few of our traveling
people out of the small established groups. Then came an experience in
mass production of sobriety which I think is most relevant to any
presentation here.
Up until the fall of 1939, 5 years after I had sobered up, we had
thought that the presentation of our case to the other alcoholics was up
to the founding fathers or the elder hierarchy or whatnot. We thought it
to be a very slow business indeed. The idea of a mass revival was very
far from our minds. The Cleveland Plain Dealer decided to publish a
series of articles about us. There was a chap doing the articles who
himself was an alcoholic. The poor devil never recovered, but he could
talk our language. These articles were placed in a box on the editorial
page every 3 or 4 days and a supporting editorial was written. Then our
friends of the press and the communications media began this benign
process of bringing us customers. At this time the group in Cleveland
numbered only about 20 people. They were suddenly confronted with
hundreds of frantic telephone calls to hospitals and people with or
without money, people who were hospitalized this week, next-week were
going with an older member to see somebody in the hospital.
This thing pyramided so that in the succeeding year of 1940 these 20
had pyramided themselves into what had turned out to be several hundred
sound recoveries. Now this is the final suggestion, that the resources
of Alcoholics Anonymous for mass society have hardly been touched. This
set of figures shows in the last 10 years Alcoholics Anonymous
membership has pyramided at the rate of only 8 or 10 percent a year,
when in the early days, in the first decade, increases of 100 percent
500 percent 1,000 percent were very common. Therefore, we have a
tremendous lot of people with whom to deal. This is partly due to the
reluctance of the alcoholic himself.
Figures tell us that we have 5 million alcoholics in America. This
means 5 million poor souls who are in all stages of this dissolution and
in the early years scarcely one of these people can be brought to
believe that he is actually beginning to be sick. This rationalization
can exist right through all sorts of evidence of sickness right down to
the undertaker himself. It is this mass capability of the alcoholic to
rationalize himself out of this predicament. This is one of the great
obstacles to bringing alcoholics toward treatment. In fact this is the
obstacle that all of the remarkable agencies we now have at work are
running against, how do we get these people in?
It is a process of education, but what kind of education we simply
don't know. Another part of the resistance of Alcoholics Anonymous stems
from the fact that it has a spiritual content and a great many of our
professional friends are apt to believe Alcoholics Anonymous is for the
religiously susceptible only. Well, this is a very mistaken impression.
At last year's New York dinner, we were talking about this topic and it
suddenly occurred to me that of the four speakers on the platform, only
one of us four had any religious background whatever. Why were they in
AA? They were driven there because there was no other place to go, no
other place to get well. So these are the treatment resources. How can
the resources of experience which have to do with the other agencies and
disciplines in the field be brought to this committee by our friends and
by AA members who are also working in these area?
You have begun to surmise that in effect, we are coming out of the
woodwork, we are in practically all of these efforts bringing the AA
experience to them, making it available and that kind of experience can
be made available by any members here in these committee hearings if
they come here acting as citizens and recovered alcoholics [but not as
AA members]. We have to do that as a protective thing for AA. Now we
have great numbers of friends. Those, too, can be called upon and I
notice that some are going to be available here. For instance here is
Jack Norris, a nonalcoholic. Many of you know him. He is chairman of our
board of trustees. He is second in charge, or was until his retirement
in the medical department of Eastman Kodak, the second industrial
company to give the nod to AA and make use of the resources.
In Wilmington, for example, we have Dr. Glanto, the head of the
medical department of the first company ever to make AA arrangements
with AA. I think he would be quite happy to testify. On our board we
have Mr. Austin McCormick, one of the country's great criminologists,
and I think he could throw much light on the situation. We have AA
members beyond count. So you have that sort of resource available for
treatment and for experience. Well, I think I am presenting this
overlong and perhaps you gentlemen would like to ask questions at this
point.
Senator Hughes. Bill, I thank you for your bring us up to date
on the beginnings and where you are now. I would like to ask some
pointed questions. No.1, I have never been in a prison institution, I
have never been in mental hospital institution, where there was not an
AA group in my years in public life, not only of the inmates but of
people coming in from the outside who were conducting meetings in an
effort to help these people recover. This is also true in the case of
halfway houses, private treatment centers, and every public treatment
center that I know of dealing with the alcoholic where there are
Government programs sponsored by State, community, or county divisions.
I take from your testimony that as a cofounder of AA you certainly
believe that in any program this committee and this Congress might
develop, that there would be a place and a willingness for AA members to
work in recovery, education, and counseling of the ailing alcoholics,
and prevention also?
Mr. Bill W: I should think so. Of course, this is the
pleasure of our friends. But certainly this experience is of great value
and in respect of this communication one alcoholic is certainly of
unique value.
Senator Hughes: I think what you indicated is what I expected.
No. 1, we have available through Alcoholics Anonymous a resource of
willing people whom you have indicated have the capabilities of
multiplying not 100 percent, but 1,000 percent if they can get to the
people.
Mr. Bill W: If we can get to the people.
Senator Hughes: This is the essence of my question.
Undoubtedly knowing the organization quite well myself, these people
have dedicated themselves to doing the job of calling on alcoholics and
assisting in any way they can in their recovery.
Mr. Bill W: Yes. Of course, it ought to be observed at this
point that the virtues of AA are not really earned virtues. It is a
matter of do or die. Nothing is too good for the next sufferer. So our
dedication is first based on the fact that our lives and fortunes have
been saved and we want to share this with the next fellow, knowing that
it is a part of the maintenance of our own recovery and life or death.
So this is the source of the great dedication that you see among the
AA.
Senator Javits: I would like to just join the Chair in what he
has said and assure you, sir, from what I see here, we will do our
utmost to utilize to the fullest these resources which you have so
eloquently testified to.
Senator Hughes: Thank you very much, Senator Javits. Senator
Yarborough?
Senator Yarborough: Mr. Bill W., I am astonished to
learn that AA had its beginning in 1934 and 1935 and was very small
until 1939. Because the escalation was so fast after that, so well known
nationally now, that you have an idea this has gone on for
generations.
Mr. Bill W: When you consider the enormous ramifications
of this disease, we have just scratched the surface. I think we should
humbly remember this.
Senator Yarborough: The experience you personally described
when this burden fell away from you, I have thought back in my reading,
I know of only two other men who have had such a dramatic experience.
One was Saul of Tarsus, on the road to Damascus and the other was Sam
Houston, the great national hero. Sam Houston, who once was called by
the Indians, Big Drunk, became, while he was a U.S. Senator, a
temperance lecturer all over the United States. Congratulations on what
you have done for so many hundreds of thousands who are in your debt and
the millions I believe who will be reached in the not distant
future.
Senator Hughes: Bill, I thank you kindly for your willingness
to come forward as a cofounder of the fellowship of Alcoholics Anonymous
and express the basis of its founding, willingness to cooperate,
and the hope of people over the last few decades who have found their
way through this. The Subcommittee and the Committee are indebted to you
for your willingness to do this. I want to express also the Chair's
appreciation to the press for their cooperation in honoring tenets of
your institution to retain the anonymity of your members.
Mr. Bill W: I thank them, too, with you.
Senator Hughes: Thank you very much, Bill. The committee will
recess until 1:30 p.m.
NOTE: Only four days before the whole world had watched as Neil
Armstrong and "Buzz" Aldren had walked on the moon. Just a few
years later Buzz Aldren would participate with Senator Hughes and 50
other famous recovered alcoholics in Operation Understanding in
Washington, D.C. They all identified themselves as recovered alcoholics
in an effort to reduce stigma and increase public awareness that
alcoholism is a treatable disease. This event gained extensive worldwide
front page newspaper, television and radio coverage.
Footnote Courtesy of Nancy O: I am happy to make this
testimony available. Bill assured the AA members who testified during
the three days of hearings that it was perfectly permissible for them to
testify as citizens and recovered alcoholics so long as they did not, in
this public forum, reveal their membership in AA, which would have been
a violation of the AA tradition. I was present at this hearing, at which
both Bill Wilson and Marty Mann testified. I served on the Subcommittee
professional staff from 1969 to 1980.
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